![]() However, for simplicity, the discussion in this section focuses on main approaches: 2.1 Empirical Research Most research on research ethics uses theory, has methodological components and involves empiricism. Sieber, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 2 Approaches The use of video technology requires skilled specialist knowledge in the developer team because there is a chance that relevant information may not be captured. They also identify recurring or conspicuous behavior patterns. Videos are mainly used to document and then analyze certain tasks or processes. Įthnographic video-supported studies: When the users in a domain are difficult to identify or are not readily accessible, such as people working in an airport or department store, ethnographic studies are sometimes the only option available to build a modeling basis.This even more time-consuming familiarization with the application domain makes sense if a domain is technically very complex and if a high level of comprehension of concepts and tasks is necessary for modeling and a constructive cooperation with users. This often requires some training, after which they work actively with users in their normal work activities. Here, individual developers are entrusted with selected tasks from the application domain for an average length of time (several weeks). Īctive participation : The more passive user observation method can be replaced by active participation, which is like a short internship.Though this method takes more time than interviews, it gives developers a more intensive exposure to the application domain. They observe users as they carry out their daily work over a short period and may help them when possible. User observation: This gives developers an opportunity to “keep an eye” on users. The following techniques have proven useful in several of our real-world projects: In addition to interviews, developers can use other techniques to obtain the necessary knowledge and experience for scenarios. ![]() It has been shown that a high safety index from ELMERI is related to a low accident rate (Laitinen et al. It takes about 15 minutes to observe one work station with the ELMERI method, and only a few hours of training are needed to reach an acceptable level of interobserver reliability. The alternatives for the observer are ‘correct,’ ‘not correct,’ or ‘not observed.’ The ‘not observed’ alternative is used, for example, when there are no machines with permanent means of access in the workplace. For each item, the observer makes a decision as to whether the item is correct according to the safety criteria defined in the handbook of the observation method. The observation method consists of 26 items, divided into 7 groups: (a) safety behavior, (b) order and tidiness, (c) machine safety, (d) industrial hygiene, (e) ergonomics, (f) walkways, and (g) first aid and fire safety. It has been developed through cooperation with safety authorities, safety managers, and safety representatives from selected workplaces. 2), ELMERI being the Finnish acronym for a workplace safety and health observation method. One example of an observation method is ELMERI ( Fig. The third possible category is ‘not observed,’ under which the practice does not occur (Komaki 1986). The behavior of the observed worker is either safe or unsafe, as defined by the criterion of behavior included on the observation sheet. Usually it is constructed with only a dichotomized classification. The observation sheet includes at a minimum a list of the desired safety practices. The observation can be done from a single observation point or by walking through the observation area the latter method is more common. When the observation is done at different times of the day, the workers behave normally and do not avoid the most hazardous tasks. The researchers should select observation periods at random (Tarrants 1980). Generally an observation method is used for this purpose because the object of measurement is the external behavior of the subjects. The next step is to prepare the measurement of safety performance. Using the results of this analysis, the researcher collects 10–20 safety practices which should be phrased positively (Komaki 1986). The researcher should then discuss the actions that could prevent accidents with the on-site personnel. It is worthwhile classifying accidents as unpreventable and preventable, that is, as whether or not workers could avoid a similar accident if they changed their behavior. The analysis of accidents during the previous three to five years pinpoints the hazardous sites of the workplace. It is useful to start a behavior modification program with accident analysis. Salminen, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 4.3 Measurement of Safety Behavior
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